Workshops for developing written exam questions go online: appropriate format according to the participants

Background: The Corona pandemic has made it difficult to conduct face-to-face events, which is why two workshops planned for the development of multiple choice (MC) questions were conducted online. Whether the online format is suitable for MC question development has not yet been described to our knowledge. Questions: The study aimed to answer the following questions from the perspective of the participants: How are the two online workshops evaluated in terms of their implementation? Are these online workshops suitable for developing MC questions? Is the online or face-to-face format preferred? As a measure of efficiency, it was examined whether the expected question output (standard of comparable face-to-face workshops) was achieved in the online workshops. Methods: In May and June 2020, two online workshops with a total of 24 participants were conducted for Swiss professional societies with SWITCHinteract. The participants’ feedback was collected via an anonymous online survey with 21 questions. Results: 88% of the participants took part in the voluntary online survey. The participants were satisfied with the implementation and found the online format suitable. The majority of the participants did not show a preference for a certain format (online vs. face-to-face), although in case of a format preference the online format was indicated more often. The expected question output was exceeded in both workshops. Technical aspects were most frequently cited as requiring improvement. Conclusion: Based on the results, online workshops for MC question development can be considered as a resource-saving and efficient alternative to face-to-face workshops. Increased use and optimization of online tools could further facilitate implementation and influence the format preference.


Introduction
The development of multiple choice (MC) exam questions is a demanding process that can be efficiently carried out in structured face-to-face workshops [1]. During the corona pandemic, face-to-face workshops were made more difficult due to necessary safety concepts, which is why planned in-person workshops were conducted online. Publications on other online events show that they are well suited for knowledge transfer [2], [3] and offer advantages such as flexibility, as well as time and cost savings [2], [4], [5], which results in a high willingness to participate and acceptance [6], [7], [8], [9]. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have investigated the suitability of an online workshop for MC question development.

Research questions
This study aimed to answer the following questions from the perspective of the participants: 1. How are the two online workshops evaluated in terms of implementation? 2. Are these online workshops suitable for developing MC questions? 3. Is an online or face-to-face format preferred?
In terms of efficiency, the following was examined: 4. Is the expected question output in the online workshops achieved?   Table 3: Demographic data of the participants. All data in percent (rounded).

Procedure
In May and June 2020, two independent question workshops for Swiss professional societies with a total of 24 participants were conducted online. The same question output was expected as for a face-to-face workshop (see table 1). The workshops were conducted with SWITCHinteract [https://www.switch.ch/interact/], an Adobe Connect based online seminar tool, which is recommended for webinars with features such as video conferencing, breakout rooms and screen-share [4]. In the run-up to the seminar, participants were given instructions on how to develop MC questions and set up SWITCHinteract (including test login). The workshops were conducted based on that of face-to-face workshops (see table 2).

Analysis
All results are presented descriptively. Due to the small number of cases no statistical comparisons were calculated. The free text comments were analyzed with regard to recurring topics. In the following, the results are only presented for those 16 questions that are relevant for the answers to the research questions.

Demography
38% of the participants had previous experience as question authors, 14% with question workshops (see table 3).

Implementation
Overall, the participants rated the implementation (organization, schedule, support, content) as good (see table  4).

Suitability
On average, the participants were (rather) skeptical in advance whether the virtual implementation was suitable.
In the end, the online format and SWITCHinteract were considered suitable on average. The majority of the participants were happy about the elimination of the travel time, which would have added up to 46 hours (see table  5). External factors disturbed 43% of participants moderately (see table 6). In the free text questions a few aspects were mentioned several times (see table 7).

Preference
There was no clear preference for a workshop format. The majority of participants saw advantages and disadvantages in both formats (see figure 1).

Question output
In both workshops the expected question output was exceeded (see table 8).

Discussion
This study examined the suitability of online workshops for the development of MC questions. The participants were satisfied with the implementation and found the online format and the tool used to be suitable, although there were some online skeptics in the run-up to the workshop. A total of 46 hours of travel time was saved, which the majority of participants found to be an advantage. The majority (57%) of the participants showed no preference, 29% preferred an online format and 14% a face-to-face format. The expected question output was exceeded in both workshops. External factors disturbed 43% of the participants moderately. Technical problems were most frequently mentioned as an aspect in need of improvement in the free text questions.   With the implementation judged to be good and the online format perceived as suitable, questions 1 and 2 can be answered positively. Together with the high question output, this indicates that the procedure, content and expected output of the face-to-face workshop were transferable to the online format. The reported time savings and related cost and CO 2 savings were also described in other publications [2], [6], [7]. Our results lead to the conclusion that technical aspects should be optimally prepared (detailed advance information on the online tool, test login, function of microphone/camera/screen share, stable Internet, quiet environment) in order to minimize disruptive factors as much as possible.
The majority of the participants did not have a clear format preference, but more participants who stated a preference preferred the online format, which confirms the results of [2].
Limitations of this study are the small number of participants and the fact that it cannot be assessed at this point whether the quality of the questions (performance in exams) is comparably high. Based on the available results, online workshops for the development of MC questions can be regarded as a resource-saving and efficient alternative to face-to-face workshops. In addition to optimal technical preparation, increased use and optimization of online tools could fa-cilitate implementation in the future and influence format preference.  [2], [3] und Vorteile wie Flexibilität, Zeitund Kostenersparnis mit sich bringen [2], [4], [5], was in hoher Teilnahmebereitschaft und Akzeptanz resultiert [6], [7], [8], [9]. Nach unserem Wissen existieren keine Studien, welche die Eignung von Online-Workshops für die MC-Fragenerstellung untersucht haben.